Le transport interprovincial sur le territoire local: vers un nécessaire équilibre
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interprovincial transport of hydrocarbons by rails andpipelines, as well as airport location and marine navigation issues, are increasingly causing controversy within local populations. These activities are the object of powers that the Constitution Act, 1867 attributes to the federal Parliament. Provincial officials and municipal councilors often wonder to what extent they can or cannot intervene under provincial jurisdiction over land use, health and the environment, to mitigate the risks oil transportation poses. This article analyzes recent Canadian constitutional jurisprudence in these areas. While recent case law expands the possibility that valid provincial and municipal laws and regulations can apply to federal undertakings, judicial rulings have not yet achieved a satisfactory balance between provincial and federal jurisdiction. I argue that such a balance requires a recognition by Canadian courts that local authorities should have a voice in determining the location of federal transport infrastructure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".