Cumulative Menstrual Status is an Important Determinant of Femoral Neck Geometry in Exercising Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Menstrual status, both past and current, has been established as an important determinant of bone mineral density (BMD) in young exercising women. However, little is known about the association between the cumulative effect of menstrual status and bone geometry and strength. PURPOSE: To explore the association between cumulative menstrual status and estimated femoral neck (FN) geometry and strength assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in exercising women. METHODS: 95 exercising women (22.2±0.4 yr, BMI 21.1±0.2 kg/m2) participated in this cross-sectional study. Women were divided into three groups: 1) current and past regular menstrual cycles (C+P-R, n=23), 2) current and past irregular menstrual cycles (C+P-IR, n=51), and 3) current or past irregular cycles (C/P-RIR, n=21). Estimates of FN geometry and strength were obtained from hip strength analysis. Cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), cross-sectional area (CSA), and strength index (SI) were calculated at the FN. Low CSMI, CSA, and SI were operationally defined as values below the median. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were performed to compare the prevalence and determine the odds, respectively, of low CSMI, CSA, and SI among groups. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in weight, height, BMI, or body composition (p>0.05); however, the C+P-IR group was younger than the C+P-R group (p=0.023). Cumulative menstrual status was a significant predictor of low FN CSMI and low FN CSA after controlling for confounding variables. When compared with the C+P-R group, the odds of C+P-IR women having low FN CSMI were 7.3 times greater (95% CI: 1.6-34.0, p=0.011) and the odds of C/P-RIR women having low FN CSA were 4.5 times greater (95% CI: 1.1-18.9, p=0.039). Chi square analysis revealed no significant association between menstrual group and low FN CSMI, CSA, or SI (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In exercising women, the cumulative effect of current and past menstrual irregularity appears to be an important predictor of smaller estimates of FN geometry, which may serve as another means, beyond BMD, by which menstrual irregularity compromises bone strength. These findings support the recommendation that current and past menstrual status should be evaluated in female athletes when assessing bone health. Supported by US DoD (PR054531)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".