Bibliographic record
Abstract
The movement toward recovery from defeat in the first century CE and after may be seen in the degree to which Hebrew literature of the period has parallels with — and might be influenced by — Stoic philosophy. Stoicism existed already in the biblical age but by the time of the Tannaim became the prevalent philosophy of the upper classes throughout the Roman empire.1 The most profound and enduring monument to Stoicism, Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations, was written roughly in the same period as the Mishna. There are many parallels between Judaism and Stoicism (Hengel, 1981; Feldman, 1993), not least because Stoicism deals with moral questions which are central to Judaism and is, therefore, closer to Judaism than any other philosophy in the ancient world. Lieberman (1963) points out that many fundamental teachings of Stoicism appear in some form in the Bible. Whatever the relationship between Stoicism and rabbinic Judaism, certain ideas associated with Stoic thought appear more frequently and intensely during and after the tannaitic era than previously.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".