Flexible electrical circuits printed on polymers using graphene-cellulose inks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A graphene based ink for printing passive electrical components (conductive traces, resistors, capacitors, inductors) and circuitry on mechanically flexible polymer substrates is described in this paper. The ink is synthesized by using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a hydrophilic cellulose derivative, to suspend the naturally hydrophobic graphene (G) sheets in an aqueous solvent composed of 70% DI water and 30% 2-butoxyethanol. Once deposited on the functionalized substrate the conductivity of the printed electrical components can be optimized by decomposing the cellulose stabilizer using thermal reduction. Several printed passive electrical circuits are fabricated and tested including an interdigitated capacitive chemical sensor and a low-pass electrical filter. The measured characteristics of the printed circuits are compared with theoretical values for performance validation. Mechanical bending tests were also performed to demonstrate that the thermally modified G-CMC films can absorb large levels of strain without fracturing or degrading the electrical properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".