Generation of intense 100 fs solitons tunable from 2 to 43 μm in fluoride fiber
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is great interest in sources of coherent radiation in the mid-wave infrared (3–5 μm), and instruments based on fiber can offer major practical advantages. This range, and much broader, can be covered easily by supercontinuum generation in soft glass fibers, but with low power spectral density. For applications that require intense ultrashort pulses, fiber sources are quite limited. In this Letter, we report a fiber-based system that generates 100 fs pulses with 5 nJ energy, continuously wavelength-tunable over 2–4.3 μm through the soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) in fluoride fibers. The pulse energies are 2 orders of magnitude higher than those previously achieved by SSFS, around 3 μm, and the range of wavelengths is extended by 1000 nm. Peak power ranges from 20 to 75 kW are achieved across the tuning range. Numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results, and indicate the potential for few-cycle soliton generation out to 5.6 μm. Fiber-integrated sources of femtosecond pulses tunable across this region should be valuable for mid-infrared applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".