Morphological and genetic polymorphism in two North American reindeer lichens: Cladonia arbuscula and C. rangiferina
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cladonia arbuscula and C. rangiferina are two reindeer lichen species, which are widely distributed in northern climates and have not been shown to be monophyletic, suggesting incomplete lineage sorting and speciation. The wide species distribution may suggest strong adaptive potential and an outcrossing reproductive life style, which might explain the lack of monophyly and success of these two species. The current study examined the genetic diversity of mycobiont ascospore colonies within and between apothecia of two species, C. rangiferina and C. arbuscula s. l. using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, estimates of gene flow, morphology, and colony growth rates. Cladonia rangiferina showed higher rates of growth than C. arbuscula but more variability in growth between apothecia was observed in C. arbuscula than C. rangiferina. Both species showed levels of genetic variation within and among apothecia that was consistent with heterothallism and recombination. AMOVA analyses provided evidence for gene flow among apothecia in both species. It is hypothesized that higher genetic variation in C. arbuscula than in C. rangiferina may give C. arbuscula an adaptive advantage over C. rangiferina.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".