Oil–Particle Separation in a Falling Sphere Configuration: Effect of Oil Film Thickness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-speed videos of oil-coated solid spheres falling through an aqueous solution were analyzed to determine the amount of oil separated and the velocity of the coated sphere during free fall. The oil-coated sphere configuration is relevant to understanding the recovery of oil from oil sands; hence, bitumen was used as the oil phase. A new form of a capillary number based on a low-Reynolds number solution is introduced to characterize the separation process. The proposed particle-based capillary number takes into account the effect of the oil film thickness and the viscosity ratio. In this study, the separation of oil from an oil-coated sphere is examined as a function of the oil film thickness, while keeping the viscosity ratio constant at 0.08. From the experimental results, it was observed that there is a critical oil film thickness beyond which oil separation from a particle is observed. Higher oil removal efficiencies are obtained at higher oil film thicknesses. The velocity of an oil-coated sphere is higher than the velocity of an oil-free sphere due to the lubrication effect of the oil layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".