Thirty Minutes of Sub-Maximal Cycling Improves Cognitive Function Despite Diesel Exhaust Exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: While physical activity is linked to improvements in cognition, exposure to air pollution has been associated with impaired brain health. The purpose of this study was to examine how sub-maximal exercise in air pollution affects cognitive function. METHODS: Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover study design seven 24-34 year-old participants (6M; 1F) were exposed to the following two conditions: diesel exhaust (DE) vs. filtered air (FA); and cycling exercise vs. rest. On screening visits, all participants were diagnosed with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction based on a 10% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) following 6-min of eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea. On exposure visits, participants sat on a chair in the air pollution exposure laboratory for 60 min. Following this rest period, participants cycled for 30 min at 50% of their peak resistance (mean (standard deviation) = 170W (±26.95)) achieved on the screening visit. During rest and cycling conditions, participants breathed either DE (PM2.5 = 300μg/m3) or FA. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline, 20-min, and 100-min following exercise using the NIH Toolbox: Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (Flanker), List Sorting Working Memory (LSWM), Pattern Comparison Processing Speed (PCPS), and Picture Sequence Memory Test (PSMT). Raw and fully adjusted scores from all cognitive function tests were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS: Cognitive function tests at baseline did not differ between DE and FA exposures (p > 0.5). Immediately following exercise, inhibitory control and attention (fully adjusted Flanker score) was significantly improved (109.3 (7.35), p = 0.29) compared to baseline (106.9 (8.38)). Additionally, the speed of information processing (raw PCPS score) was significantly greater (100.6 (17.46),p = 0.018) 100-min following exercise, compared to baseline (92.58 (19.85). Information processing and storage (LSWM), and episodic memory (PSMT) were unaffected by exercise. None of the cognitive function tests were affected by the exposure to DE. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty minutes of submaximal, constant-intensity cycling exercise appears to positively affect inhibitory control, attention and information processing speed, even when breathing increased levels of diesel exhaust.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".