Determination of the Settling Rate of Aggregates Using the Ultrasound Method during Paraffinic Froth Treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents results of a study on the settling rate of aggregates formed during paraffinic treatment of bitumen froth. Experiments were performed at temperatures ranging from 30 to 90 °C and various solvent/bitumen ratios, using n -pentane, isopentane, and n -hexane as paraffinic solvents. Characteristic settling curves of diluted bitumen froth were obtained by two independent methods: visual observation and an ultrasound technique. The ultrasound study showed that the hindered settling zone interface can be accurately tracked in place using an ultrasound velocity profiler. Problems associated with determining the settling rate by fitting a linear function to the initial part of the settling curve of the upper interface at higher temperatures were avoided by applying the so-called lower interface method. Settling rates determined using the upper and lower interface methods showed good agreement, confirming interchangeability of the methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".