Perceptions Des Nuisances Environnementales Liées Aux Déchets Solides Ménagers Dans Les Centres Urbains Du Nord-Bénin : Cas Des Villes De Parakou, Djougou, Kandi Et Malanville
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cities of Parakou, Djougou, Kandi and Malanville in the north of Benin have difficulty in eliminating dispose of waste produced by households in ecological way. This research was initiated to analyze the attitudes and understanding of environmental problems related to poor management of DSM by people of north Benin. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted on the perception of environmental damage related to waste with 585 heads of households from August 2014 to March 2015. The city of residence, gender, age, marital status, level education, income, socio professional category are characteristics that were selected for the statistical analysis Khi2. Results showed 100% a significant statistical link between environmental pollution and city of residence (χ2 = 153.135; DF = 12; Pvalue = 0.000 <0.05). No statistically significant association was found between perceived environmental nuisances and sex (χ2 = 2.035; DF = 4; PValue = 0.729> 0.05) ; age (χ2 = 19.189, DF = 16; P-Value = 0.259> 0.05) ; marital status (χ2 = 20.809, DF = 12; P-Value = 0.053> 0.05 and income of respondents (χ2 = 32.273, DF = 32; P-Value = 0.453> 0.05). However in Djougou, a highly significant associative link was observed between respondents with incomes ranging from 100,001 to 150,000 and the air pollution (χ2 = 11.96, DF = 32; P-value = 0.000 <0.05). It is the same for the pollution of rivers in this income bracket in Parakou (χ2 = 5.85; DF = 24; Pvalue = 0.004 <0.05) and Kandi (χ2 = 6 04; DF = 10; P-value = 0.000 <. 0.05). Moreover, the level of education (χ2 = 14.728, DF = 12; P-Value = 0.257> 0.05) and occupation of the individuals interviewed (χ2 = 59.060, DF = 40; P-Value = 0.026 <0.05) determine their perceptions of environmental damage related to DSM. In total, city of residence, education level and occupation of individuals are the most, significant determiners in the perception of environmental damage related to the solid household waste.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".