From self-made men to crusading women: The gendered evolution of the American temperance movement in the nineteenth century.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the nineteenth century, the American temperance movement underwent a visible, gendered shift in its leadership as it seemingly evolved from a male-led movement to one dominated by the women of the WCTU. But this transition was more symbolic than real. The two "icons" of the movement in the nineteenth century---the self-made man and the crusading woman---masked the complexity and diversity of temperance during the entire period with regard to race, class and gender. The self-made man did so as a statement of the exclusivity and authority of white, middle-class manhood. The crusading woman did so as a pragmatic means of building a political coalition. An examination of the existence, creation and function of these icons is important for understanding the evolving meaning and context of temperance and its employment of gender. Through an examination of the self-made man and the crusading woman, temperance becomes a story of how the debate on racial and gendered equality became submerged in service to a corporate, political enterprise and how men's and women's identities and functions were reconfigured in relationship to each other and within this shifting political and cultural landscape.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".