One-Pack Epoxy Foaming with CO<sub>2</sub> as Latent Blowing Agent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, we have successfully developed a novel approach to epoxy foaming using CO 2 as the latent blowing agent. The active amine groups of a commercially available curing agent for epoxy resin are blocked by CO 2 to obtain ammonium carbamate. The prepared ammonium carbamate can be decomposed by heating. Above 100 °C, CO 2 is released from the amine groups and acts as the blowing agent, while the amine compound is used as the curing agent and cures the epoxy resin. The ammonium carbamate combines the functionalities of latent blowing agent and curing agent. The one-pack epoxy foaming formulation has good storage stability under ambient conditions. The thermoset epoxy foams prepared from the one-pack formulation have low density, good mechanical properties, and thermal stability, competitive with the epoxy foams prepared by other methods. This novel approach is simple, environmentally benign, and cost-effective, which represents a promising direction in the development of epoxy foaming technologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".