Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The biomechanical properties of tendon and ligament have long been the subject of intense research. The understanding of the ultrastructure as it relates to the biomechanical function and clinical demands have often considered the ultimate properties at failure alone. Tendons and ligaments are predominately loaded in-vivo at subfailure loads and often in the initial toe region. To date, little work has focussed on the viscoelastic properties of the tendon in the initial toe region. The biomechanical behaviour at these low loads may reflect the unique mechanical interactions between the fasciles and collagen fibrils. This study examined stress relaxation of ligaments in the initial non-linear portion of the load vs. displacement curve. Methods: Six flexor tendons (2.5 mm wide x 1mm thick) were harvested from 18 month cross bred whethers and stored in 0.145 M NaCl until testing. Tensile testing was performed on a MACH 1 Micromechanical Testing Machine (BIOSYNTECH, Laval, Quebec, Canada) in 0.145M phosphate buffered saline at room temperature. Tendons (gauge length 30mm) were displaced to 0.5, 1 and 5% strain at a loading rate of 50 microns/sec and stress relaxation measured over a period of 300 seconds and repeated for 4 sequences. Data was analysed using an analysis of variance. Results and Discussion: Peak loads at 0.5 % strain ranged from 50 g (sequence 1) to 130 g (sequence 4) while at 5 % strain peak loads reached upwards to 1600 g. These loads are well within the initial toe region of the load-displacement behaviour of the ligament. The MACH 1 testing system provide a reliable and highly accurate system to control micron level displacements and mg load resolution. Recently, Yamamoto and coworkers reported the stress relaxation behavior and strain rate effects of collagen fascicles differed greatly from those of bulk tendons. The differences in tensile and viscoelastic properties between fascicles and bulk tendons may be attributable, in part, to ground substances, mechanical interaction between fascicles, and the difference of crimp structure of collagen fibrils. The present study supports an important role of tissue ultra-structure at low loads with regard to stress relaxation. Subtle changes in ground susbtance, water content or biochemical consituents not evident in testin
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".