Bibliographic record
Abstract
Your discovery of the contradiction caused me the greatest surprise and, I would say, consternation. … It is all the more serious since, with the loss of my Rule V, not only the foundations of my arithmetic, but also the sole possible foundations of arithmetic, seem to vanish. Gottlob Frege, “Letter to Russell,” 1902. The abstract sciences are those that cannot, and have no need to, negotiate the empirical check. This anyhow is a widely received view of the matter. An abiding question for such theories is this: What sorts of check can they negotiate, and does doing so preserve intuitive presumptions of objectivity and realism? There is a particularly vivid context for posing this question and reflecting on how it might be answered. The context is that of conflict resolution strategies for rival theories. In a broadly accepted use, with which I concur, objectivity attaches to things when they exist apart from and antecedently to anyone's thought of them; and objectivity attaches to statements or beliefs when they are true, or false, apart from and antecedently to anyone's conceiving of them as so. Realism in turn is always realism about something – about abstract objects, about universals, about material things, and so on. The realisms that absorb us in this book are those that attribute this twofold objectivity to what I am calling abstract theories when they meet certain properly understood conditions of adequacy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".