Astragalus Polysaccharide Attenuated Iron Overload-Induced Dysfunction of Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Suppressing Mitochondrial ROS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have the ability to differentiate into multilineage cells such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Dysfunction of BMSCs in response to pathological stimuli participates in the development of diseases such as osteoporosis. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a major active ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus, a commonly used anti-aging herb in traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether APS protects against iron overload-induced dysfunction of BMSCs and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: BMSCs were exposed to ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) with or without different concentrations of APS. The viability and proliferation of BMSCs were assessed by CCK-8 assay and EdU staining. Cell apoptosis, senescence and pluripotency were examined utilizing TUNEL staining, β-galactosidase staining and qRT-PCR respectively. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was assessed in BMSCs with a DCFH-DA probe and MitoSOX Red staining. RESULTS: Firstly, we found that iron overload induced by FAC markedly reduced the viability and proliferation of BMSCs, but treatment with APS at 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL was able to counter the reduction of cell proliferation. Furthermore, exposure to FAC led to apoptosis and senescence in BMSCs, which were partially attenuated by APS. The pluripotent genes Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4 were shown to be downregulated in BMSCs after FAC treatment, however APS inhibited the reduction of Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4 expression. Further study uncovered that APS treatment abrogated the increase of intracellular and mitochondrial ROS level in FAC-treated BMSCs. CONCLUSION: Treatment of BMSCs with APS to impede mitochondrial ROS accumulation can remarkably inhibit apoptosis, senescence, and the reduction of proliferation and pluripotency of BMSCs caused by FAC-induced iron overload.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".