Effect of Climate Change on the Reliability of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reliability of monopile supported offshore wind turbine (OWT) is assessed considering the uncertainties in aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads and spatial variability of soil. Traditional designs assume that applied loads are constant during the design period of OWTs. However, fluctuations in climatic conditions alter the future wind and wave loads because of which time-dependent reliability assessment of OWTs is performed in this study. Statistical downscaling method using the general circulation model corresponding to the A2 emission scenario is used to predict the future wind and wave responses. The impact of climate change on the probability of failure for the serviceability limit state of maximum allowable mudline rotation is studied. The uncertainties in soil properties, and wind and wave loads are incorporated in the analysis. The reliability of an OWT structure founded in sand is investigated for the period 2015-2050. The OWT system is modeled using a beam supported laterally by a nonlinear Winkler foundation characterized by the American Petroleum Institute recommended cyclic p-y curve for sand. This study shows that the reliability of OWT is changed significantly because of the effects of climate change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".