A practical test circuit for combined high direct voltage and switching impulse voltage multi-stress tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Factory acceptance tests performed on High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission apparatus usually involve the application of high direct voltage and switching impulse voltage in separate withstand tests used to qualify the insulation system. However, the actual stress subjected to the equipment insulation system while in-service on the HVDC transmission system, is a switching surge transient waveform super-imposed on the operating direct voltage bias. In this paper, a methodology for integrating two separate commercial test systems in a practical test circuit for combined direct voltage and switching impulse voltage tests is presented. A circuit using an impulse generator and dc test system were used to generate 500kV switching impulse waveform superimposed on 500 kV dc bias at both positive and negative polarity. The selection of circuit's components was based on results from computer simulation as well as intermediate tests on portions of the overall test circuit. Measurement of the combined voltage waveform was verified using a sphere gap method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".