Platelet Activation Rather Than Apoptosis Contributes Most to the Platelet Storage Lesion during Conventional and Extended Storage of Platelet Concentrates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Platelet storage lesion is a serious problem limiting clinical use of platelet concentrates (PC) after extended and long-term storage. Platelet activation is a well-known manifestation of platelet storage lesion. However, over the last decade, platelet apoptosis has been also recognized in stored PCs and in platelets following exposure to thrombin, calcium ionophores, anti-platelet antibodies and very high shear stresses. The aim of this study was to elucidate the contribution of platelet activation and apoptosis to the platelet storage lesion during conventional (Days 2–5), extended (Days 6–8) and long-term (Days 11–16) PC storage. We prepared seven prestorage-leukoreduced PC by the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) method, stored PC for 2–16 days at 22°C, and used flow cytometry for determining platelet activation as P-selectin (CD62) exposure and platelet apoptosis as depolarization of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm), activation of executioner caspase-3, exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and release of apoptotic platelet fragments microparticles (MP). Platelet activation and apoptotic responses were also determined in fresh (Day 0) PRP using thrombin titration. We found a significant increase of platelet activation under conventional PC storage for 2–5 days (38.6 ± 3.1% CD62 positive cells, P < 0.0001). With extended (Days 6–8) storage, platelet activation was increased to 66.5 ± 5.3% and reached the maximal level of 92.0 ± 1.1% after 11–12 storage days (P < 0.0001). In contrast, ΔΨm depolarization and caspase-3 activation did not increase in comparison with Day 0 platelets, even after PC storage for 12 days (P > 0.05) and storage for 13–16 days was required for significant triggering these apoptotic events (P < 0.05-0.0001). Similarly, although we observed a slight increase of PS exposure (5–10%) and MP release (9–11%) during PC storage for 2–12 days, incubation for 13–16 days was required for a stronger (30–60%) stimulation of these apoptotic manifestations (P < 0.001-0.0001). Paired comparison between the effects of PC storage on CD62 exposure and apoptotic events clearly demonstrated for all storage times a significantly higher level of platelet activation than levels of ΔΨm depolarization, caspase-3 activation, PS exposure and MP release (P < 0.01-0.0001). Furthermore, we found that when fresh (Day 0) PRP was treated with different thrombin doses, ranging from 0.05 to 10 U/ml, a much higher maximal level of platelet activation (~90%) was reached, in comparison to the level of apoptosis (30–40%), and 100- to 200-fold lower dose of thrombin were required for maximal induction of activation (0.05–0.1 U/ml) than for stimulation of apoptosis (10 U/ml). Taken together, these data indicate that (i) during PC storage, platelet activation is triggered much earlier than platelet apoptosis, (ii) platelet activation rather than apoptosis contributes most to the platelet storage lesion during conventional (Days 2–5) and extended (Days 6–8) PC storage whereas during long-term (Days 13–16) storage both responses are involved in platelet deterioration, and (iii) platelet activation and apoptosis are different phenomena; they may be induced by different mechanisms and/or require quite different levels of triggering stimuli.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".