Vitamin D Storage in Adipose Tissue of Obese and Normal Weight Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among obese individuals, its cause is poorly understood. Few studies have measured vitamin D concentrations in adipose of obese (OB) subjects, and none have included normal weight controls (C). The goal of this study was to investigate whether the relationship between body composition, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), vitamin D in subcutaneous (SQ) and omental (OM) adipose, and total adipose stores of vitamin D differ among OB and C. Obese women undergoing bariatric surgery and normal-weight women undergoing abdominal surgery for benign gynecologic conditions were enrolled. Subjects had measurements of serum 25OHD by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Vitamin D concentrations in SQ and OM adipose were measured by mass spectroscopy. Thirty-six women were enrolled. Serum 25OHD was similar between groups (OB 27 ± 2 versus C 26 ± 2 ng/mL; p = 0.71). Adipose vitamin D concentrations were not significantly different in either SQ (OB 34 ± 9 versus C 26 ± 12 ng/g; p = 0.63) or OM compartments (OB 51 ± 13 versus C 30 ± 18 ng/g; p = 0.37). The distribution of vitamin D between SQ and OM compartments was similar between groups. Serum 25OHD was directly related to adipose vitamin D in both groups. Total body vitamin D stores were significantly greater in OB than in C (2.3 ± 0.6 versus 0.4 ± 0.8 mg, respectively; p < 0.01). In summary, although OB had significantly greater total vitamin D stores than C, the relationship between serum 25OHD and fat vitamin D and the overall pattern of distribution of vitamin D between the OM and SQ fat compartments was similar. Our data demonstrate that obese subjects have greater adipose stores of vitamin D. They support the hypotheses that the enlarged adipose mass in obese individuals serves as a reservoir for vitamin D and that the increased amount of vitamin D required to saturate this depot may predispose obese individuals to inadequate serum 25OHD. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".