Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract When animals live in cohesive groups they need to make consensus decisions about movements. As a very large‐scale example of communal movement, nomadic female sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) travel about 50 km per day as coherent groups of 10–50 animals spread over several km of ocean. From 543 h of data during which 3,873 headings of small clusters of whales or individual whales were recorded, I quantified the heading behavior of groups foraging off the Galápagos Islands. The groups made both sudden and gradual turns. Using piecewise regression models, I estimate that sudden and gradual turns in heading both occurred at rates of 0.10/h. The mean change in heading was 69° for sudden turns and 84° for gradual turns. The mean duration of gradual turns was 1.3 h, so turns were often slow. Using the recorded headings within 30 min of each of 1,798 focal headings, a regression of heading on time gave a mean rate of turn of the group and error of each focal heading about the mean heading. Absolute heading errors increased with absolute turn rate ( r S = 0.241; P = 0.0000), so turns were often messy. Thus sperm whales often make slow and messy—likely democratic—consensus decisions when groups change heading.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".