The Performance of a Digital Interconnection Protection for Grid-Connected WECSs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper develops and experimentally tests the performance of a digital interconnection protection for grid-connected wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). The developed protection is constructed by two frequency frames to process voltages and currents measured at the point-of-common-coupling (PCC). The first frequency frame is set to process the d - q-axis components of the instantaneous 3φ apparent powers (sdand sq) determined at PCC. This processing of sdand sqaims to extract their high-frequency subband contents in order to detect the islanding condition. The second frequency frame is set to extract the high-frequency contents (magnitudes and phases) present in the 3φ currents flowing through PCC. These high-frequency contents provide signature information for detecting faults occurring on either side of PCC. The multiframe digital interconnection protection is implemented for performance evaluation on two different WECSs operated in grid connection. Performance results show accurate and reliable detection and identification of the islanding condition and faults occurring on either side of PCC. In addition, performance results show that the multiframe digital interconnection protection has minor sensitivity to the type, structure, ratings, and levels of power delivery to the host grid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".