One-Pot Conversion of Corn Starch into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Water-[Bmim]Cl/MIBK Biphasic Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work reports the catalytic conversion of corn starch into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the presence of AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O in water-[Bmim]Cl/MIBK biphasic media. Among the varieties of corn starch investigated (regular, waxy, and native high amylose), a maximum of 64 wt % HMF was obtained from waxy corn substrates within 20 min of reaction time at 140 °C. The HMF yield was comparable to the yield obtained from fructose and glucose which were of 70 and 68 wt % respectively. Furthermore, MIBK effectively partitioned HMF from the aqueous to the organic phase, thereby preventing further HMF rehydration to levulinic acid (LA). Thus, negligible LA yields (0.1 wt %) were detected in this system. Additionally, [Bmim]Cl and AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O can be recycled for several catalytic runs without compromising the HMF selectivity. In summary, the proposed process parameters are favorable to achieve high HMF yields from amylopectin-rich starches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".