Intercalated Species in Multilayer Graphene Oxide: Insights Gained from In Situ FTIR Spectroscopy with Probe Molecule Delivery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work we identify the molecular properties responsible for intercalation in multilayer (ML-) graphene oxide (GO) through in situ monitoring of probe molecule delivery via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), focusing on the probe molecule’s ability to displace the naturally intercalated species in ML-GO. By monitoring changes occurring in the FTIR spectra in real time, we show that small molecules with the ability to form hydrogen bonds are strongly retained in ML-GO. These molecules can easily replace the intercalated CO 2, while molecules incapable of hydrogen bonding are unable to do so, even if their size should allow them to intercalate between the ML-GO layers. These results provide direct evidence of the importance of hydrogen bonding, molecule size, and functional group orientation on the intercalation process and introduce in situ FTIR spectroscopy with probe molecules as a valuable technique to characterize ML-GO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".