OUT-OF-MARKET EFFICIENCIES, TWO-SIDED PLATFORMS, AND CONSUMER WELFARE: A LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper analyzes the scope of out-of-market efficiencies in competition policy from a legal and economic perspective. It identifies potential shortcomings in neglecting their relevance, both in relation to the economic principles of two-sided platforms and, more generally, in the fulfillment of the consumer welfare standard. This paper tackles this issue by looking at the specific condition laid out in Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, requiring that a fair share of efficiency benefits must be passed on to consumers in order to justify an otherwise anti-competitive agreement. The implications of forbidding or allowing aggregation of efficiencies across markets are examined with reference to the two-sided market of payment card systems and the anticompetitive concerns regarding Multilateral Interchange Fees.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it