Detection of Small Molecules Using Long-Range Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An optical biosensor utilizing long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguides is discussed. This paper first reviews the technology and its various applications such as protein sensing, cell detection, and disease diagnostics, and then presents results on the detection of small molecules using the biosensor. The surface was functionalized with 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid and activated using carbodiimide chemistry. Covalent attachment of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester (Sulfo-NHS) of molecular weight ~200 Da produced a significant response with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~81 as a result of molecular monolayer formation. Since carbodiimide chemistry is a protein coupling approach commonly used to functionalize biosensors, a calibration scheme for extracting the actual amount of attached protein based on biosensor responses to NHS is proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".