On the Benefits and Costs of Healthcare and the Financing of a Single Payer System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The theoretical analysis and empirical findings in this work, lead to conclusions and propositions relevant to all health care systems with universal health coverage. By quantifying the benefits and costs of healthcare in terms of life years, we show that a) universal coverage is an important factor in improving population health but it is not a sufficient condition - healthcare costs and the distribution of income are vital to health and cannot be understated, b) market outcomes, as in the U.S health care system, tend to disproportionally favor the rich and are not consistent with improving population health, and c) a single payer system has the ability to deliver healthcare efficiently, but it is not a panacea. We establish a fair rule generating process and the conditions for the proper financing of a single payer system. In conclusion, the theoretical analysis and statistical evidence show that any policy objective with any degree of fairness in the distribution of medical benefits will require, for the financing of single payer system, a progressive “health care” income tax.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".