Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary An interstem trial was planted in the spring of 1988 with the tender apple cultivars 'Elstar' and 'Jonagold' on M.9 rootstock with thirteen interstem cultivars to study their possible effects on tree hardiness and growth vigour. The interstems used were: 'Gloster', 'Golden Delicious', 'Summerred', because of their hardiness shown in an earlier Dutch trial, 'Heyer12', 'Antonovka', 'Hibernal', 'Dolgo', 'Honeygold', 'Yellow Transparent', 'Ottawa 3', 'Haralson' and 'Paulared', because of their reputed hardiness elsewhere, and 'Dubbele Zoete Aagt' as the standard interstem used in The Netherlands. Two-year-old trees directly on M.9 served as controls. The material used was free of known viruses, except for 'Hibernal' where this was not quite certain. The trees were made in one nursery and planted at one site in Denmark and three in The Netherlands in single rows at distances ranging from 3.00 × 1.20 to 3.25 × 1.50 m and raised as slender spindles. The trial lasted till winter 1994/95 with 'Jonagold' and one year longer with 'Elstar'. No damaging frosts occurred during years that the trees were in the field, so no conclusions could be drawn with regard to the winter hardiness of the interstem cultivars involved. Growth control was obtained, especially with 'Elstar'. With both cultivars, growth reduction occurred most consistently with 'Dolgo', 'Ottawa 3', 'Paulared' and 'Summerred'. Little growth control was obtained with 'Gloster' and 'Golden Delicious' and especially 'Antonovka'. Some, growth-reducing interstems ('Paulared', 'Summerred') had a thin trunk relative to that of the scion cultivar, for others ('Dolgo' with both cultivars and 'Ottawa 3' with 'Jonagold') the opposite was true. Productivity per tree was not much affected by the interstems, with the exception of 'Hibernal' allowing high productions and 'Ottawa 3' lagging behind with 'Elstar'. However, compared to the controls, productivity per cm 2 scion trunk-cross sectional area (TCA) was increased in many cases, especially with 'Elstar'. With 'Elstar', interstems of 'Heyer 12', 'Hibernal', 'Paulared' and 'Summerred' especially were effective. With 'Jon-agold', 'Heyer 12', 'Dolgo' and 'Ottawa 3' interstems rated high. Fruit size was not greatly affected by the interstem and if it was there was no clear relation with productivity per cm 2 TCA. Where growth was reduced fruit colouring was improved. Except for trees on an 'Ottawa 3' interstem, where in some years lower leaf contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were found, no clear interstem effects were observed in the mineral content of leaves or fruits. The results are discussed and it is concluded that where both growth control and increased hardiness are wanted, 'Summerred' is a valuable interstem. When vigour control is not the main aim, other hardy interstems are promising as well, such as 'Hibernal' with its good effect on productivity. Given the many interactions found, it is stressed that without thorough experimentation the use of the before-mentioned interstems for other cultivars under other conditions bears risks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".