<i>SLCO1B1</i> Gene Variations Among Tanzanians, Ethiopians, and Europeans: Relevance for African and Worldwide Precision Medicine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene encodes for a membrane-bound organic anion transporter protein involved in active cellular influx of many endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. SLCO1B1 genetic variation is associated, for example, with highly variable rifampicin exposure, thus influencing the cornerstone antituberculosis therapy, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where it is a key therapeutic modality. Yet, there is no SLCO1B1-guided pharmacogenetic dosing recommendation for rifampicin to reduce the risk of adverse events or therapy failure. Accordingly, comparative characterization of SLCO1B1, particularly within understudied African populations, is crucial and timely for global precision medicine, given the importance of antituberculosis therapy worldwide. Therefore, we report here the allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies for common SLCO1B1 gene polymorphisms among Europeans (N = 57), Tanzanians (N = 361), and Ethiopians (N = 632). Our results show that the allele frequencies of rs4149032T, rs2306283G, rs11045819A, and rs4149056C differ significantly among Ethiopians (48.1%, 60.3%, 2.8%, 19.1%). Tanzanians (51.9%, 86.8%, 4.7%, 3.2%), and Europeans (19.8%, 34.2%, 7.9%, 22.8%) (p < 0.001). Notably, the most common haplotypes in Tanzanians (TGCT; g.38664T + c.388G + c.463C + c.521T = 61.1%) and Europeans (CGCT, all wild-type SLCO1B*1A = 59.8%) occurred at a much lower frequency in Ethiopians (TGCT = 38.8% and CGCT = 31.6%) (p < 0.0001). Additionally, the nonfunctional SLCO1B1 haplotypes CGCC (*15) and CACC (*5) are relatively common or detectable in Ethiopians (14.1%, 3.2%, respectively) and Europeans (18.1%, 2.8%) but rare in Tanzanians (1.9% and 0%, respectively) (p < 0.001). These new observations collectively underscore that precision medicine for rifampicin and other cornerstone therapeutics will require a comparative study of each and every population in the African continent as well as globally. SLCO1B1 and its extensive within- and between-population variations have to be carefully borne in mind for global precision medicine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".