Characterization of <i>Cytospora</i> isolates from wood cankers of declining grapevine in North America, with the descriptions of two new <i>Cytospora</i> species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cytospora species are ubiquitous pathogens of numerous woody plants, causing dieback and wood cankers in agronomic crops, timber trees and wildland trees (e.g. Prunus , Eucalyptus and Salix , respectively). Cytospora chrysosperma , C. cincta and C. leucostoma have been reported from grapevines in Iran showing symptoms of one or more recognized trunk diseases (esca, botryosphaeria‐, eutypa‐ and phomopsis diebacks); however, only C . chrysosperma was shown to be pathogenic to grapevine. To understand the potential role of Cytospora species in the grapevine trunk‐disease complex, 21 Cytospora isolates were examined that were recovered from dieback and wood cankers of Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecific hybrids in seven northeastern U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and translation elongation factor 1‐ α identified two novel species: Cytospora vinacea sp. nov. and Cytospora viticola sp. nov. Differences in culture morphology and conidial dimensions also distinguished the species. When inoculated to the woody stems of potted V. vinifera ‘Thompson Seedless’ in the greenhouse, both species were pathogenic, based on development of wood lesions and fulfilment of Koch's postulates. Cytospora viticola was the most virulent based on lesion length at 12 months post‐inoculation. As cytospora canker shares some of the same general dieback‐type symptoms as botryosphaeria‐, eutypa‐ and phomopsis diebacks, it may be considered part of the grapevine trunk‐disease complex in eastern North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".