Organosolv Modified Wheat Straw as Adsorbent for Basic Dyes in Water Bodies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biomass and especially lignocellulosic residues offer a low-cost and renewable additional source of adsorbents and can be used as is or modified or transformed to activated carbon.These waste materials have little or no economic value and often present a disposal problem.Therefore, there is a drive to valorize these low-cost by-products.Various low-cost adsorbents from agricultural byproducts have been studied to remove dyes from aqueous solutions.In this work, a sulfuric acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment process using five organic solvents, i.e., ethanol, methanol, diethylene glycol, acetone and butanol, was applied to modify wheat straw under carefully selected conditions.The low-cost material, i.e., modified wheat straw was used as adsorbent for cleaning of water bodies' pollution.The potentiality of modified wheat straw for the adsorptive removal of Methylene Blue (MB), a representative basic dye, from aqueous solutions was studied.The experimental batch adsorption system data were simulated using (a) Freundlich, Langmuir and Sips isotherm models and (b) first order, second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".