PULMONARY VASCULAR REMODELING OCCURS IN SEVERE EQUINE ASTHMA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Severe equine asthma (heaves) is a chronic genetic-environmental condition characterized by airway neutrophilic inflammation leading to airway obstruction, lung tissue remodeling and hypoxemia (Bullone, 2015). Hypoxemia triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction, resulting in higher vascular resistance and development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH-associated cardiovascular complications could be present in the end-stage disease, as it happens in human type 3 PH (Tsangaris, 2012). Pulmonary vascular remodeling is involved in the pathogenesis of type 3 PH (Singh, 2016) and may represent a therapeutic target for preventing PH onset, both in human and in horses. In this study, we investigated the presence of pulmonary artery remodeling in severe equine asthma, as, to the best of our knowledge, this has not been yet studied. Lung biopsy specimens were collected via thoracoscopy from 6 asthmatic and 5 age-matched control horses. Histomorphometric assessment was performed on Movat-Russell stained histological sections, evaluating pulmonary artery wall area, intimal area, medial area and their correlations with the internal elastic lamina length (IEL) (Fernie, 1985). The total amount of smooth muscle within the artery wall and the density of proliferating smooth muscle cells were similarly evaluated using immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and proliferating cell-associated nuclear antigen (PCNA). Increased pulmonary wall area, increased amount of smooth muscle and loss of correlation between intimal area and IEL were present in asthmatic horses, when compared to controls. In conclusion, pulmonary artery remodeling due to smooth muscle hypertrophy and intimal muscolarization may be induced by persistence of hypoxic vasoconstriction stimulus and release of cytokines from inflammatory cells infiltrating the annexed airways (Barbera, 2003).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".