Synthesis of High Gain Operational Transconductance Amplifiers for Closed-Loop Operation Using a Generalized Controller-Based Compensation Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a systematic procedure that can be used to create operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) for closed-loop operation using multiple low-gain stages to realize extremely high DC gain. Such devices are necessary to realize analog functions with demanding absolute accuracy requirements, e.g., high-resolution ADCs and DACs. The principle is based on the cascade of undamped integrators to realize large DC gains and a state-space derived controller to stabilize its operation in a closed-loop configuration. A programmable OTA fabricated in the IBM 130 nm CMOS process is used as a test vehicle to prove the design principle through its 2 to 5th-order realization. Measured data reveals DC gains ranging from 50 to 150 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 10 kHz and a unity gain frequency of 10 MHz. While this paper demonstrates the design principles using CMOS integrated circuits, the principle is general and can be applied to any type of circuit technology in integrated or discrete implementation. Moreover, the methods are easily automated as the principles are based on closed-form formulae as opposed to iterative numerical search techniques.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".