The evolution of remote line powering safety standards for facilitating the transmission of elevated dc voltages over twisted pair
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses the common Line Powering standards for safety with their advantages and their drawbacks. It also discusses the effects of electrical shock and risk of ventricular fibrillation on humans and the two types of faults that can occur with RFT-V line powering. Based on the standards for the effects of current on human beings and livestock, two flowcharts are developed to help unify a method to gauge the safety of RFT-V line powering products. An Excel tool is introduced to assist in the calculating and plotting of the test results from the flowchart. Example waveforms are given from a typical RFT-V product that illustrates the relative risk of ventricular fibrillation. It is concluded that based on the information provided in this paper that RFT-V power topologies will have a low risk of electrocution caused by ventricular fibrillation. Future work discusses how the future safety standards may evolve.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".