Mass Transfer and Bioethanol Production in an External-Loop Liquid-Lift Bioreactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel, spinning-sparger, external-loop, liquid-lift bioreactor (ELLB) has been studied for the purpose of enhancing the production of bioethanol by simultaneous mass transfer and fermentation. Oleic acid was used to produce circulatory fluid flow in the ELLB and also to absorb ethanol from the aqueous, fermentation media. The overall ethanol mass-transfer coefficient ( K C a ) was found to vary between 7.0 × 10 -7 and 3.0 × 10 -4 s -1 . K C a increased with the sparger spinning speed, oleic acid flow rate, and ethanol concentration in the aqueous phase. Oleic acid holdup (φ L ) in the bioreactor increased in a similar manner for each of these independent variables. Both K C a and φ L were empirically fit to extensive experimental data sets using power-law models. Two batch fermentation experiments demonstrated improved production of bioethanol when oleic acid was used to remove high concentrations of ethanol from the fermentation broth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".