12-Days of Unilateral Immobilization of the Lower Limb Alters Peripheral Arterial Compliance in a Healthy Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Physical inactivity or deconditioning is cited as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Few studies have characterized the effects of deconditioning on peripheral arterial properties. Furthermore, studies to date have not addressed the early time course of these adaptations. PURPOSE: To follow the time course of peripheral and central compliance using a unilateral immobilization model in young healthy men and women. METHODS: 15 healthy participants (8 female, 7 male; age: 20.6 ± 0.7) were monitored for compliance/distensibility alterations in peripheral (common femoral, popliteal) and central (carotid) arteries over the course of 12-Days of unilateral lower limb immobilization. Measurements of arterial pulse pressure were obtained using applanation tonometry both at the carotid artery for central measurements and in the radial artery for peripheral measurements, while ultrasound imaging was used to determine within heart cycle changes in arterial cross-sectional area. Participants were monitored before (PRE), at 6-days (6D), and at 12-days (12D) following immobilization. Arterial compliance was calculated based on the cross-sectional area change of the artery for a give change in expanding pressure. The non-immobilized leg was used as a control comparison leg. A two-way repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare immobilization effects. RESULTS: Carotid artery compliance did not change at any time-point (p>0.05) whereas alterations in the peripheral arteries were apparent. In the immobilized leg, compliance declined throughout the immobilization period both in the femoral (0.117 ±0.01 vs. 0.096 ±0.01 vs. 0.081 ± 0.01, p<0.05) and popliteal (0.055 ± 0.003 vs. 0.043 ±0.004 vs. 0.037 ± 0.004, p<0.05) arteries. The non-immobilized limb showed a stabilizing effect (Femoral: 0.114 ±0.01 vs. 0.102 ±0.01 vs. 0.102 ± 0.01, p<0.05, popliteal: 0.068 ± 0.009 vs. 0.059 ± 0.006 vs. 0.055 ± 0.007, p<0.05) as the 6 and 12 day time-points showed significant differences from PRE values but were not different from each other. CONCLUSIONS: Lower limb immobilization has the effect of reducing arterial compliance in both limbs. This is likely related to an overall reduction in activity. Supported by NSERC and CIHR
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".