The Study of Regulations Governing Shipping Bill of Lading in Iran Laws and International Trade Documents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study deals with review of regulations governing shipping bill of lading in Iran laws and international trade documents through descriptive analysis. In this paper, it is tried to study the concepts of maritime transport contract, legal concept of vessel, shipping bill of lading and its components, the content of shipping bill of lading and its proofing aspects in international conventions and Iran law. The research findings indicate that shipping bill of lading is considered one of the valid documents in international trade and in accordance with the common trade, judicial procedures and the maritime code of Iran and Hamburg convention is considered as a common trade document. In Rotterdam convention, the capability of transferring written and electronic transport record and their transferring procedure as used in trade documents has been mentioned. The value and credit of shipping bill of ladings of goods embarked on deck or clean bill of lading in international trade made such bill of ladings be supported by trade code in international trade and conventions and local regulations of countries such that the transportation agents are prohibited from the right to prove negative of some contents of this document against the holder in good faith of shipping bill of lading.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".