SNP rs3088308 is a risk factor for poor lung function in healthy smokers.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To see if single nucleotide polymorphisms of pulmonary innate immune molecule surfactant protein D were associated with poor lung function in smokers. METHODS: The study was conducted at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from April 2008 to August 2010, and comprised relatives and attendants of patients, as well as college and university students. Self-reported healthy smokers who demonstrated no airflow obstruction on spirometry were included. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from their blood sample and genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms rs721917 and rs3088308 by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis. Serum was separated for measurement of surfactant protein D levels by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based kit. Lung functions were compared between subjects possessing major and minor alleles using two-tailed Student's t-test. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to analyse the effect of age, smoking and the two single nucleotide polymorphisms on forced expiratory volume in 1 second. RESULTS: Of the 122 participants, all of whom were men, 98(80.33%) were smokers while 24(19.67%) had never smoked. Of the former, 90(91.84%) were current smokers and 8(8.16%) were ex-smokers. The overall mean age was 35.8±10.9 years. The mean surfactant protein D level was 121.4±61.6ng/ml. In case of rs3088308, all lung function variables were reduced in patients with a minor allele and the results for forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p=0.016), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (%) predicted (p=0.009), forced vital capacity (p=0.048) and forced vital capacity (%) predicted (p=0.048) were statistically significant. Age had the highest influence on lung function (p<0.001) followed by smoking status (p=0.04) and single nucleotide polymorphisms rs3088308 minor allele (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs3088308 was found to modulate serum surfactant protein D levels and may be a risk factor for development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among smokers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".