Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant stem fibers primarily contain cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. These are bundles of cellulose nanofibers with a diameter ranging between 10 to 70 nm and lengths of thousands of nanometers. The mechanical performance of the cellulose nanofibers is comparable to other engineering materials such as glass fibers, carbon fibers etc. In this project, the cellulose nanofibers were extracted from soybean stock by chemo-mechanical treatments. Since they are new types of reinforced material used, the composition, dispersion and morphological properties of the nanofiber were investigated and their properties compared with those of hemp nanofibers. The matrix polymers used in this project were polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene (PE). These nanofibers were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the estimated crystallinity of soybean stock nanofibers. One of the major challenges faced was the incompatibility of the nanofibers and PE. To synthesize a biocomposite with PE, a number of mixing principles were explored. Improved dispersion of nanofibers was achieved by adding ethylene-acrylic oligomer emulsion as a dispersant. Selective chemical treatments increased cellulose content of soybean stock nanofibers from 41% to 61%. Nanofibers reinforced PVA films demonstrated at least a 4-5-fold increase in tensile strength, as compared to the untreated fiber/PVA film. In solid phase nanocomposites, improved mechanical properties were achieved with coated nanofibers.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".