Possibility of Constructive Surface Plasmon Scattering in Organic Light Emitters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extended Abstract It is of scientific and practical significance to study surface plasmon polariton (SPP) scattering-enhanced light emission which occurs in organic light emitting diodes. Energy transfer from nonradiative components in an organic layer to SPPs could be extracted as light through the SPP scattering at submicrometer-scale roughness on the surface of a metal film, which affects the light-emitting efficiency of the organic layer. So far, there have been some experimental investigations on this using low molecular weight organic materials and polymers. PL enhancement reached, for example, ~10 in the normal direction with Alq3 on Au, compared with Alq3 without Au [1-3]. On the other hand, a rigorous formulation for the scattering of SPP from a one-dimensional surface irregularity was developed by the use of an impedance boundary condition, yielding an electromagnetic field above a metal [4]. Using the formula, one can obtain the scattering probability (=Psc/Pinc), where Psc: total power carried away from a metal surface by SPP scattering, and Pinc: power carried by an incident SPP. However, we found that numerical calculations could not account for the measured PL enhancement. One SPP is usually understood to be created by energy transfer from a neighboring exciton in the organic layer. This paper describes the possibility that multiple SPPs are generated in phase, leading to constructive interference occurrence among the scatted electromagnetic waves. The distance between the closest organic molecules is an order of nm, and it is possible that SPPs are generated simultaneously rather than separately. To confirm the SPP-enhanced PL, we measured the quantum efficiencies of Alq3/GaAs and Alq3/Ag/GaAs using an integrating sphere. The thickness of Alq3 was 60 nm for two samples, and Ag was 200-nm thick. It was necessary to take into account the fact that the light collected with the Alq3/Ag/GaAs sample was almost double. As a result, the quantum efficiency of Alq3/Ag/GaAs was confirmed to be ~2.5 times higher than that of Alq3/GaAs. Using a simple approach, PL enhancement is expressed as (p-(1-)ps+ (1-p)/p. Here, p is the radiative probability of an exciton without metal, ps is the SPP generation probability, and is the energy transfer probability of the nonradiative component to SPP. We performed numerical calculations on . The average heights of the bump and pitch measured by AFM were 7 nm and 100 nm, and these averages were used in the calculation. The colliding times of SPP which experienced bumps was determined by the propagation distance of the SPP attenuating to 1/e due to ohmic loss. As a result, was found to be as small as 0.04. If this is true, one can never explain the enhanced PL. The total energy that original N excitons possess is, of course, proportional to N, regardless of individual phase of generated SPPs, whose electric field is expressed as j i
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".