Mineralisation of sulfolane by UV/O3/H2O2 in a tubular reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Degradation of sulfolane in contaminated groundwater was studied in a flow-through photoreactor with recirculation, using various oxidative methods, including ozone (O3)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ultraviolet (UV)/ozone, UV/hydrogen peroxide and UV/ozone/hydrogen peroxide. Total organic carbon as an indicator of the extent of mineralisation and sulfate as a byproduct produced during degradation were measured. The effects of several operating conditions, including flow rate, initial concentration of sulfolane and ratio of different oxidants, were investigated. It was noted that although the loss of sulfolane was similar for the UV/ozone/hydrogen peroxide and the UV/hydrogen peroxide process, the overall mineralisation rates were significantly different, indicating that the combination of oxidants offers a significantly more efficient system. The results show that in water containing 100 mg/l sulfolane, more than 99·5% can be mineralised to carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and sulfate (SO4 2−) by the UV/ozone/hydrogen peroxide process (the most efficient process) within 4 h (13·2 kJ energy from UV irradiation transferred). The UV/ozone/hydrogen peroxide process mineralised sulfolane in contaminated groundwater, but with a longer reaction time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".