Deposits of the Interstadial Period between the Old and the New Drift Glaciations (W<sub>1</sub>/W<sub>2</sub>) in England and Scotland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the period between the retreat of the Old Drift Ice-Sheets and the subsequent New Drift advance interstadial deposits were formed in Britain and Ireland. In many cases these consist only of sands and gravels which contain very few organic remains, but in addition peat and clay beds, yielding such valuable climatic indicators as pollen and molluscs, occur. “Interval” deposits of this period are known in East Anglia—at Ipswich and The Traveller's Rest Pit, Cambridge (Fig. 4, p. 35)—where interglacial soils overlie the Upper Chalky Boulder Clay (MacClintock, 1933, pp. 1047-9). In the north of England, in the Brampton district, Trotter and Hollingworth ( M.G.S. England and Wales, 1932, p. 146) have established the presence of sands, gravels and laminated clays above the boulder clay of the Early Scottish Glaciation, and in Northumberland (Woolacott, 1921, p. 25) and West Yorkshire (Raistrick, 1933, p. 264) similar deposits are reported. The same is true of North-East Scotland (Bremner, 1934[ a ], p. 55) North-East Ireland (Dwerryhouse, 1923, p. 421) and the coastal portion of County Wicklow (Farrington, 1931, p. 218). In addition to these deposits there is along the coast of Eastern England from Norfolk to Durham abundant evidence demonstrating a marine transgression during the period under discussion (Harrison, 1935). This is known as the March-Nar submergence. At several Idealities important data have been secured. In the peat layer, Deposit 4, at Kirmington (Fig. 4, p. 35; for section see p. 31) Dr G. Erdtman has identified the following flora: Alnus, Betula, Pinus, Picea, Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Ilex, Fraxinus (?) and Corylus , indicating a temperate climate at the time of formation of this bed of no greater severity than that of Lincolnshire to-day (Burchell, 1935, p. 327). Cardium edule, Mactra subtruncata and Mytilus edulis in an undisturbed condition (Wright, 1937, p. 87). Thus during this period the sea transgressed this portion of the east coast, and since there is a layer of Hessle Boulder Clay above, these deposits must surely date from the interval between the Old and the New Drift. The Kirmington evidence is substantiated in County Durham.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".