Multilayer semantic segmentation of remote-sensing imagery using a hybrid object-based Markov random field model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High spatial resolution (HR) remote-sensing image usually contains hierarchical semantic information. Many supervised methods have been developed to interpret this information through data training. In this article, without data training, a hybrid object-based Markov random field (HOMRF) model is proposed for multilayer semantic segmentation of remote-sensing images. In this method, label fields of different semantic layers are defined on the same region adjacency graph (RAG) of a given image, and a hybrid framework is suggested to capture and utilize the interactions within and between semantic layers by label fields. Namely a new transition probability matrix is introduced into the energy functions of label fields for describing the semantic context between layers, and the multilevel logistic model is employed to describe the interactions within the same layer. A principled probabilistic inference is developed to determine the optimal solution of the proposed method by iteratively updating each label field until convergence. The computational complexity of the proposed model is , where is the number of classes in all of the layers, is the number of sites in the probability graph of the MRF model, and is the number of iterations. Experimental results from various remote-sensing images demonstrate that the proposed method can produce higher segmentation accuracy than state-of-the-art MRF-based methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".