Tourism and the Canadian National Parks System: Protection, Use and Balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This was a requested chapter by the editors. The book examined the history and development of national park systems from around the world. This chapter provides the narrative of the development of one of the earliest park systems that took place in what was called 'New World' countries. The story of national parks in Canada is one of accident, followed by an ad hoc strategy until the early legislation of Park Acts were in place. Thereafter the development of the system expanded from a dominantly western one centred around the Rocky mountains to cover almost all regions of Canada from the Atlantic coast, through Ontario, the central prairies, to the west coast and expanding into the northern periphery. The narrative of development is one of balancing the dual mandates of protection and use, recognising that while the system is in place to ensure ecological integrity of unique ecosystems, the dominance of recreation and in particular tourism have become the major drivers of the system and how it is perceived. The chapter addresses the challenges of managing spaces where both mandates have to be upheld, something even more challenging for parks established in the far north where First Peoples and their views and traditions have also to be taken into this mix.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".