Costing in context: strategic choices in economic analyses of homelessness responses in the USA, Canada and the UK
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Building on the review undertaken by Berry et al. (2003) for the National Homelessness Strategy, this working paper explores some of the strategic choices faced in the conduct and commission of costing work undertaken in relation to responses to homelessness in the USA, Canada and the UK. We consider the economic arguments and research drawn upon by governments and advocacy groups to propose or justify shifts in focus from crisis to more preventive strategies, and from temporary to more permanent 'solutions' to homelessness. The paper discusses the policy and advocacy environment in which economic arguments for reform have been shaped and indicates the social and research infrastructure drawn on by researchers in the three countries. Studies that have been prominent in recent policy debate at the national level have been singled out for more detailed discussion in the attached Appendix. Our investigation provides a basis for identifying the strategic purposes of costing work in homelessness policy debate as well as drawing attention to the infrastructure of research and advocacy required to drive it in productive directions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".