Enhanced sedimentation beneath particle‐laden flows in lakes and the ocean due to double‐diffusive convection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The transport rate of particles beneath sediment‐laden overflows and interflows in lakes and the ocean can be enhanced by double‐diffusive and settling‐driven convection. In previous experiments with sediment‐laden fluid overlaying a saline layer, visual measurements could only be made in the optically clear lower layer. Hence, there was difficulty distinguishing the two processes, hindering predictions of when enhanced sedimentation occurs. We used an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter to measure velocities and turbulence above and below the initial sediment/salt interface. The velocity of the sediment fingers in the lower layer were always larger than the Stokes settling velocity of the particles, leading to an asymmetry in the flow field of the two convective layers. Sediment fingers only dominated when there were marginal density differences between the two layers. We conclude that double‐diffusive sediment fingers control sedimentation beneath interflows in most lakes, whereas settling‐driven convection is dominant in most oceanic overflows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".