A Brief History of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| October 01, 2016 A Brief History of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) Paul J. Sylvester; Paul J. Sylvester 1Texas Tech University, Department of GeosciencesLubbock TX 79409-1053USAE-mail: paul.sylvester@ttu.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Simon E. Jackson Simon E. Jackson 2Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Inorganic Geochemistry Research LaboratoryOttawa, Ontario, K1A 0E8CanadaE-mail: simon.jackson2@canada.ca Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Paul J. Sylvester 1Texas Tech University, Department of GeosciencesLubbock TX 79409-1053USAE-mail: paul.sylvester@ttu.edu Simon E. Jackson 2Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Inorganic Geochemistry Research LaboratoryOttawa, Ontario, K1A 0E8CanadaE-mail: simon.jackson2@canada.ca Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 13 Jul 2017 Online Issn: 1811-5217 Print Issn: 1811-5209 © 2016 by the Mineralogical Society of America Elements (2016) 12 (5): 307–310. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.12.5.307 Article history First Online: 13 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Paul J. Sylvester, Simon E. Jackson; A Brief History of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS). Elements 2016;; 12 (5): 307–310. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.12.5.307 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyElements Search Advanced Search Abstract Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) has been used for more than 30 years to determine the elemental composition of natural and synthesized objects. A focused laser beam ablates a small volume of target material, and the aerosol produced is transferred in a gas stream to an ICP–MS for elemental and/or isotopic analysis. Through the increasing use of deep ultraviolet lasers and ultra-sensitive mass spectrometers, the technique has evolved towards higher sampling resolution and to generating 2-D (and 3-D) images of compositional variations. The future is likely to see femtosecond lasers and simultaneous mass spectrometers in common use, making new research areas possible. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.034 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".