Synthesis, interface activity and oil flooding experiment with an authentic sandstone microscopic model of cationic gemini surfactant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, a series of cationic gemini surfactants with different hydrophobic tails were prepared and characterized by element analysis, IR spectra, and 1H NMR spectra. The influencing factors of physic-chemical properties of these surfactants were carefully studied. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of all the surfactants ranged from 3.87 × 10−4 mol L−1 to 8.97 × 10−4 mol L−1 and the values (γcmc) also ranged from 28.62 mN m−1 to 34.07 mN m−1 at CMC level by surface tension experiments. The consequences of the oil/water interface tension experiments indicated that all these prepared surfactants could lower oil/water interface tension to ultra-low with the combination of Na2CO3. C12-2-C12, and C14-2-C14 were chosen as the representative to evaluate the displacement efficiency in the oil flooding experiments using authentic sandstone microscopic model. The results showed that these surfactants could effectively improve the displacement efficiency by 10–20%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".