Thermal properties of oil sands fluid fine tailings: laboratory and in situ testing methods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluid fine tailings (FFT) are soft tailings produced by the bitumen extraction process associated with open-pit oil sands mining. Oil sands mine operators have proposed the use of end pit lakes (EPLs) to contain soft tailings and Syncrude Canada Ltd. has developed the first EPL in the industry. This EPL, referred to as Base Mine Lake, contains FFT transferred from an above-ground tailings facility in a mined-out pit. The FFT was placed at elevated temperatures relative to natural groundwater temperatures in the region, so the FFT will act as a long-term source of heat. Evaluation of the thermal regime within the EPL requires the characterization of the thermal properties of FFT. Laboratory testing was undertaken to measure the thermal properties (thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity) of the FFT over a range of water contents and to evaluate the effect of bitumen content on the thermal properties. Field testing was also undertaken to verify that these properties were similar in the undisturbed FFT, measured at a larger scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".