Nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase modulate β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in young men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key points β‐Adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol induce cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in humans, but the mechanisms underpinning this response remain unresolved. Using intradermal microdialysis, we evaluated the roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating elicited by administration of isoproterenol. We show that while NOS contributes to β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, COX restricts cutaneous vasodilatation. We also show that combined inhibition of NOS and COX augments β‐adrenergic sweating These new findings advance our basic knowledge regarding the physiological control of cutaneous blood flow and sweating, and provide important and new information to better understand the physiological significance of β‐adrenergic receptors in the skin. Abstract β‐Adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol can induce cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in humans, but the mechanisms underpinning this response remain unresolved. We evaluated the hypotheses that (1) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, whereas cyclooxygenase (COX) limits the vasodilatation, and (2) COX contributes to β‐adrenergic sweating. In 10 young males (25 ± 5 years), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were evaluated at four intradermal forearm skin sites infused with (1) lactated Ringer solution (control), (2) 10 m m N ω ‐nitro‐ l ‐arginine ( l ‐NNA), a non‐specific NOS inhibitor, (3) 10 m m ketorolac, a non‐specific COX inhibitor, or (4) a combination of l ‐NNA and ketorolac. All sites were co‐administered with a high dose of isoproterenol (100 μ m ) for 3 min to maximally induce β‐adrenergic sweating (β‐adrenergic sweating is significantly blunted by subsequent activations). Approximately 60 min after the washout period, three incremental doses of isoproterenol were co‐administered (1, 10 and 100 μ m each for 25 min). Increases in CVC induced by the first and second 100 μ m isoproterenol were attenuated by l ‐NNA alone, and those in response to all doses of isoproterenol were reduced by l ‐NNA with co‐infusion of ketorolac (all P ≤ 0.05). Ketorolac alone augmented increases in CVC induced by 10 μ m and by the second 100 μ m isoproterenol (both P ≤ 0.05). While isoproterenol‐induced sweating was not affected by the separate administration of l ‐NNA or ketorolac (all P > 0.05), their combined administration augmented sweating elicited by the first 3 min of 100 μ m isoproterenol ( P = 0.05). We show that while NOS contributes to β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, COX restrains the vasodilatation. Finally, combined inhibition of NOS and COX augments β‐adrenergic sweating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".