Possible occurrences of transition zones and residual oil zones below oil-water contacts in mature oil fields, southeast Saskatchewan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A transition zone (TZ) from oil to water formed by capillary force beneath traditionally defined producing oil-water contact (OWC) has been well-known for years. Recent research and production activities in the Permian Basin and the Williston Basin in United States suggests that a residual oil zone (ROZ) may exist below traditionally defined OWC under certain geologic and hydrodynamic conditions. If this ROZ is sufficiently thick and extensive, it may be economically recoverable using tertiary recovery techniques. We have investigated possible occurrences of TZ/ROZ in the Williston Basin, southeast Saskatchewan, using well-log interpretation based on Archie’s equation. Out of 33 pools examined, we have evaluated three areas, the Bellegarde Tilston pool area, an unnamed Souris Valley pool, and the Rosebank Alida pool area, as possibly having thick (up to 47 m) low-oil-saturation TZ/ROZs below the OWCs. Evidence includes oil stains, core-based oil saturation, fluorescence on drill cuttings, and oil shows and sulfur water reported in drill stem tests. The oil in place within the possible TZ/ROZs is estimated to be approximately half the amount of the oil within their associated main pay zones. Tilted OWC and other findings may suggest that the identified oil-bearing zones are ROZs related to hydrodynamics. The hydrodynamic flows may also have created some other ROZs that still remain undiscovered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".